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Starting from metrological connections among length, periods and propagation, ASD proposes directional spatial responses and joint dynamics of space and matter. Relativity begins with relativity, light propagation and clock synchronization, then calculates observables through spacetime relations, metrics, fields and matter motion. The table states the principal differences first. It compares constructions: their theoretical quantities must still be mapped to readings through the same apparatus model before a measurable distinction can be claimed. | Dimension | ASD construction | Corresponding standard construction | | --- | --- | --- | | Physical quantities and measurement | Propagation, cycles and the device belong to the construction. [Metrology](/en/theory/metrology) | The SI defines common units; realizations specify physical procedures and uncertainties. | | Coordinates and symmetry premises | The stated moving geometry and common scale normalization enter LVE. [Derivation](/en/theory/lve/derivation) | SR uses the relativity principle, light-speed postulate, simultaneity and Lorentz transformations. | | Transverse scales | The motion-associated true scale obeys $L_\perp'=\gamma L_\perp$. [Physical meaning](/en/theory/lve/physical-meaning) | The usual inertial simultaneous-endpoint procedure preserves transverse rod length. | | Time and clocks | Time counts processes; changes are traced to paths, scales and frequency response. [Time](/en/theory/time) | SR/GR use proper-time accumulation along ideal-clock paths with specified signal comparison. | | Gravity | Longitudinal state, spatial scale and stress enter light paths and orbital dynamics. [Gravity](/en/theory/gravity) | GR relates the metric and curvature to matter and computes trajectories and clock comparisons. | | Electromagnetic origin | Coulomb interaction at the LVE true distance precedes the continuous potential and field. [Magnetic force](/en/theory/electromagnetism/magnetic-force) | Standard electrodynamics unifies electric and magnetic fields through Maxwell equations, sources and Lorentz force. | | Matter waves and particles | Localized orientation cores and accompanying fields; a selected gapped channel yields an effective envelope. [Quantum](/en/theory/quantum) | Nonrelativistic quantum theory organizes states, Schrödinger evolution, amplitudes and measurement; it does not prescribe one universal wavefunction ontology. | Here $v$ is the specified relative velocity, $c$ is the vacuum speed of light and $\gamma=(1-v^2/c^2)^{-1/2}$. ASD's $L_\perp$ is a reference scale and $L'_\perp$ its motion-associated true scale, not assumed identical to standard coordinate rod length. [Einstein's 1905 paper, §§1–4](https://users.physics.ox.ac.uk/~rtaylor/teaching/specrel.pdf), supplies the original measurement and transformation arguments; [LVE physical meaning](/en/theory/lve/physical-meaning) states ASD's sources and review conditions. ## Transverse scales and clocks in a definite configuration One starting question for ASD is whether rod length, wavelength and clock frequency can share a spatial explanation. Fixing the meaning of “transverse” and the measurement procedures clarifies what the standard calculation gives and what ASD proposes to change. ### A ray transverse in the laboratory Let $K$ be an inertial laboratory frame with receiver at rest, and $K_s$ the source rest frame. The source moves at constant $v>0$ along laboratory $+x$. Consider vacuum propagation in both descriptions. Its source-frame emission frequency is $f_0$, with $\lambda_0=c/f_0$. The laboratory angle $\phi_{\rm lab}$ lies between $+x$ and **the ray from the actual emission position to the reception event**. The angle $\phi_{\rm source}$ describes the same ray in the source frame. Neither is automatically the visual angle to the source's position at reception. The standard comparison transforms one physical phase consistently. A local monochromatic wave has phase $\vartheta=\omega t-\mathbf k\cdot\mathbf x$, where $\omega=2\pi f$ and $|\mathbf k|=\omega/c$. Expressing the same phase in the two frames gives $\omega_0=\gamma(\omega-vk_x)$. With $k_x=(\omega/c)\cos\phi_{\rm lab}$, this yields: $$ f_{\rm rec}=\frac{f_0}{\gamma(1-\beta\cos\phi_{\rm lab})}, \qquad \beta=\frac vc. $$ This is the standard-theory comparison baseline, not an ASD derivation or a new ASD equation ID. The receiver is at rest, so $f_{\rm rec}$ is its locally measured vacuum-wave frequency. For a finite-distance source, geometry uses the retarded emission position. A local plane wave or a narrow-angle quasi-monochromatic beam supplies the specified propagation direction used in this phase relation. For $\phi_{\rm lab}=\pi/2$: $$ f_{\rm rec}=\frac{f_0}{\gamma}, \qquad \lambda_{\rm rec}=\frac{c}{f_{\rm rec}}=\gamma\lambda_0. $$ Aberration gives $\cos\phi_{\rm source}=(\cos\phi_{\rm lab}-\beta)/(1-\beta\cos\phi_{\rm lab})=-\beta$. Choosing instead $\phi_{\rm source}=\pi/2$ **in the source frame** selects a different ray, whose laboratory frequency is $\gamma f_0$. These two transverse conditions cannot be interchanged. Phase transformation and aberration can be checked in [MIT Relativity, Lecture 7](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/8-033-relativity-fall-2006/resources/lecture7_kinem4/) and [Einstein's §7](https://users.physics.ox.ac.uk/~rtaylor/teaching/specrel.pdf). ### A transverse rod and ASD's spatial claim Now let a rod move with the source and lie along $y$. Standard laboratory rod length is determined from both endpoints at one coordinate time. Under the standard Lorentz transformation its transverse coordinate separation equals its rest transverse length. That endpoint distance and the received separation of adjacent equal-phase surfaces are different operational quantities, though both use metres. ASD seeks a common spatial response connecting these objects. Chapter 1's motion construction and pairing give $L'_\perp=\gamma L_\perp$, placing the associated wavelength response before frequency change in the physical explanation. [LVE](/en/theory/lve) and its [wavelength relation](/en/theory/lve/physical-meaning#doppler) define true scales, direction conventions and standard responses. Different standard operational quantities do not by themselves establish a logical contradiction; nor do they remove ASD's demand for a shared mechanism. The issue is how both constructions give complete, consistent readings for the same apparatus. ### How time enters a clock reading Relativity's proper time is accumulated by an ideal clock along its path. In a given flat-spacetime inertial description, a path of velocity $v(t)$ has $d\tau=dt\sqrt{1-v(t)^2/c^2}$. Standard theory therefore does not concern coordinates alone while ignoring physical clocks. Signal propagation, synchronization and actual clock disturbances must also be treated; [MIT's geometric and geodesic lectures](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/8-962-general-relativity-spring-2020/pages/lecture-summaries/) and [Cambridge's proper-time definition](https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/gr/grhtml/S1.html) describe this organization. ASD uses duration to measure processes and relates clock periods to environment, paths and interactions; it introduces no additional mechanism of “time itself changing its flow.” In the constant-rate relation $S=ut$, $u$ is that process's propagation speed, not automatically the earlier source velocity $v$. This relation alone cannot calculate an arbitrary atomic-clock response. [The time article](/en/theory/time) distinguishes process quantities, reference counts and clock indications. Both constructions must eventually calculate the same frequency ratio or accumulated phase for a specified clock transfer or comparison. ## Gravity: spatial scales and spacetime geometry ASD starts its gravity account with matter-associated spatial scales. The current static construction defines a background scale function and states associated wavelength and standard-process responses before deriving frequency comparisons. Optical-path weighting enters deflection and Shapiro delay, while the matter action enters orbits. In this route gravitational redshift first represents a stretching of spatial lengths and wavelengths, rather than an independent change in time's flow. [Gravity](/en/theory/gravity) and [redshift](/en/theory/gravity/gravitational-redshift) give the inputs, variations and ranges. General relativity describes intervals with a metric and constructs gravity through curvature and matter-source field equations, then calculates propagation, free fall and clock comparison. It is geometrical dynamics of physical processes, rather than a slogan about a bent grid. [MIT lectures 9–14](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/8-962-general-relativity-spring-2020/pages/lecture-summaries/) connect geodesics, curvature, field equations and the weak-field limit. Matching some calculated weak-field quantities establishes correspondence for those quantities; different mechanisms do not automatically produce a discriminating signal. Compare frequency ratios, propagation durations and orbits for common endpoints, references and initial data. Static external optics do not automatically establish internal structure, rotation or formation. Higher-order differences and data-gated cases retain the existing [experimental status](/en/tests/gravity). ## Magnetism: construct the force difference before the field ASD does not derive magnetic force by first transforming standard electromagnetic fields. Start with the static Coulomb baseline: two charges move together at constant velocity with transverse separation, while charge values and reference separation $r$ remain fixed. Velocity is relative to the local uniform spatial background defined in the topic. Substituting the LVE true interaction distance $r_T=\gamma r$ into the exterior inverse-square constitutive law gives $F_T=F_0/\gamma^2$. Here $F_0,F_T$ are nonnegative baseline and total-force magnitudes; the correction follows the original force direction, with $\Delta\mathbf F_m=-\beta^2\mathbf F_0$. The complete $\gamma$ is simplified, without a low-speed truncation. “All speeds” means $0\leq v