---
{
  "path": "/en/theory/cosmology/structure-formation",
  "title": "Matter formation: ordering, nucleation and macroscopic evolution",
  "category": "Cosmology",
  "summary": "Explain existing constructions for ordered amplitude, topology, nucleation thresholds and stretching feedback, then distinguish conservation accounting, rates, abundance and large-scale structure.",
  "related": [
    "/en/theory/matter/creation-annihilation",
    "/en/theory/space-dynamics/master-equation"
  ],
  "chapter": "第五章",
  "id": "ASD-DOC-THEORY-COSMOLOGY-STRUCTURE-FORMATION-EN",
  "template": "theory",
  "version": "1.1",
  "updated": "2026-10-24",
  "canonical": false,
  "source_tier": "website-guide",
  "depends_on": [
    "/en/theory/matter",
    "/en/theory/cosmology"
  ],
  "open_problems": [],
  "equations": [],
  "sources": [
    {
      "label": "Final combined manuscript — adopted scope documented on this page",
      "kind": "final-combined-manuscript",
      "url": "/downloads/ASD_Final_Manuscript_Source_Manifest.json"
    },
    {
      "label": "Previous source: CH5-ca737ec4e327 · Chapter 5 publication manuscript · Part V",
      "kind": "historical-source"
    },
    {
      "label": "Current space dynamics source manifest (identifies the same Chapter 5 file; module scopes remain separate)",
      "kind": "source-identity",
      "url": "/downloads/ASD_Space_Dynamics_Source_Manifest.json"
    }
  ],
  "theory_status": "HYPOTHESIS",
  "evidence_status": "UNTESTED",
  "title_en": "Matter formation: ordering, nucleation and macroscopic evolution",
  "locale": "en",
  "translation_of": "/theory/cosmology/structure-formation",
  "translation_path": "/theory/cosmology/structure-formation",
  "translation_version": "1.1",
  "canonical_url": "https://asd-physics.org/en/theory/cosmology/structure-formation",
  "outline": [
    "From spatial ordering to persistent matter",
    "Ordered amplitude and correlation length",
    "How different orientations enter topology",
    "Nucleation thresholds and stretching feedback",
    "Allowed final states and actual abundance",
    "Sources and further review"
  ],
  "section_anchors": [
    "ordering-and-matter",
    "ordered-amplitude",
    "topological-classification",
    "nucleation-and-feedback",
    "conservation-and-abundance",
    "sources"
  ],
  "legacy_anchors": {
    "s0": "ordering-and-matter",
    "s1": "ordered-amplitude",
    "s2": "nucleation-and-feedback",
    "s3": "conservation-and-abundance",
    "s4": "conservation-and-abundance",
    "s5": "conservation-and-abundance",
    "s6": "conservation-and-abundance",
    "s7": "ordering-and-matter",
    "s8": "sources",
    "s9": "conservation-and-abundance"
  },
  "source_version": "ASD-BOOK-ddbade997b45",
  "source_sha256": "dace8ff491b4e4ae8a59b2b98e2a6c9c10e689079021ce0bc117985baba68e86",
  "source_reference": "§§5.1–5.2, (5.5.1)–(5.5.7); (5.6.24)–(5.6.25)",
  "source_records": [
    {
      "id": "ASD-BOOK-ddbade997b45",
      "title": "各向异性空间动力学（最终合订稿）",
      "filename": "各向异性空间动力学.docx",
      "format": "docx",
      "size_bytes": 503564,
      "sha256": "ddbade997b45913248e588953b1d27ccb9c7c206c3c8d992d3aef2364a64836e"
    }
  ],
  "final_source": {
    "source_id": "ASD-BOOK-ddbade997b45",
    "chapter": "Chapter 5",
    "reference": "§§5.1–5.2, (5.5.1)–(5.5.7); (5.6.24)–(5.6.25)",
    "locators": [
      "p2110",
      "p2116",
      "p2122",
      "p2124",
      "p2127",
      "p2281"
    ],
    "adopted_scope": "Preserved ordering, topology and feedback; nucleation threshold versus stable scale",
    "conditions": [
      "Each candidate keeps its own background, constitutive inputs and energy normalization; no combined observational fit"
    ],
    "unresolved": [],
    "migration_status": "reviewed",
    "manuscript_sha256": "ddbade997b45913248e588953b1d27ccb9c7c206c3c8d992d3aef2364a64836e",
    "source_manifest": "final-manuscript-source-manifest.json",
    "body_review": "updated"
  },
  "editorial_date": "2026-10-24",
  "previous_source": {
    "source_reference": "Chapter 5, Part V §§1–2, (5.5.1)–(5.5.7); current Matter & Topology interfaces.",
    "source_version": "CH5-ca737ec4e327",
    "source_sha256": "ca737ec4e327d72c5507bbc8e00295b6e56029c7583ebad8e505cdb9c68c6262",
    "source_records": [
      {
        "id": "CH5-ca737ec4e327",
        "title": "第五章-出版整理稿.docx",
        "sha256": "ca737ec4e327d72c5507bbc8e00295b6e56029c7583ebad8e505cdb9c68c6262",
        "format": "docx"
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "CH5-ca737ec4e327 · Chapter 5 publication manuscript · Part V",
        "kind": "locked-manuscript"
      },
      {
        "label": "Current space dynamics source manifest (identifies the same Chapter 5 file; module scopes remain separate)",
        "kind": "source-identity",
        "url": "/downloads/ASD_Space_Dynamics_Source_Manifest.json"
      }
    ]
  },
  "source_chapter": "Chapter 5",
  "source_kind": "manifest",
  "source_manifest": "final-manuscript-source-manifest.json",
  "source_manifest_url": "/downloads/ASD_Final_Manuscript_Source_Manifest.json"
}
---
## From spatial ordering to persistent matter

If matter is a stable localized configuration of space itself, formation must explain how a high energy spatial state reaches a state that can maintain such configurations. Chapter 5 connects three conditions: a phase transition supplies the dynamical setting, topology describes configurations that cannot be continuously unwound while preserving boundaries and field-value constraints, and the energy functional determines finite radius and lifetime. Establishing one condition does not complete the other two.

The objects include spatial order parameters, localized cores, surrounding fields and available propagating modes. They jointly account for energy and conserved quantities, rather than external particles placed in an already specified material crystal. The local [creation](/en/theory/matter/creation) and [annihilation](/en/theory/matter/annihilation) topics specify participants and threshold relations. This page explains the ordering and nucleation constructions in the locked Chapter 5, then the additional steps from local processes to abundance and macroscopic evolution.

## Ordered amplitude and correlation length

The manuscript uses a multicomponent order parameter $\Theta$ for an internal spatial state whose precise choice remains open. Effective temperature $T$ and critical parameter $T_c$ specify ordering conditions, and $\alpha,b>0$ are local potential coefficients. Equation 5.5.1 chooses

$$
V(\Theta;T)=\frac\alpha2(T-T_c)|\Theta|^2+\frac b4|\Theta|^4+V_{\rm FCC}.
$$

$V_{\rm FCC}$ is an orientation correction of that candidate microscopic implementation; it does not prove that matter formation necessarily requires FCC. The chosen quartic potential has a radial minimum at zero amplitude for $T>T_c$ and permits nonzero amplitude for $T<T_c$. Neglect the radial correction from $V_{\rm FCC}$ and set $q=|\Theta|$. Solving $dV/dq=\alpha(T-T_c)q+bq^3=0$ gives equation 5.5.2:

$$
q_0^2=\frac{\alpha(T_c-T)}b,\qquad
V''(q_0)=2\alpha(T_c-T),\qquad
\xi_{\rm amp}=\sqrt{\frac{A_\Theta}{2\alpha(T_c-T)}}.
$$

$A_\Theta$ is the coefficient of gradient energy $A_\Theta|\nabla q|^2/2$. The amplitude correlation length $\xi_{\rm amp}$ follows from the gradient term and potential curvature around the nonzero minimum. It is not an electron radius; orientation modes also require their own curvature. A defect energy calculation must subtract the vacuum minimum at the same temperature so that an irrelevant constant background does not integrate to infinite volume energy.

## How different orientations enter topology

Finite-rate ordering can make regions choose different phases or orientations. The manuscript uses $Q_\theta=N^{-1}\sum_j e^{i\theta_j}$ as a phase coherence measure, with $0\leq|Q_\theta|\leq1$; $N$ counts the phases in this average. A coherence average is not a three-dimensional topological invariant. The target space, boundary and allowed reconnection must be specified before knots, vortices or other defects can be classified.

For example, choose internal orientation $U(\mathbf r)\in SU(2)$ with one constant value at infinity, so space can be compactified to $S^3$. Set $L_i=U^\dagger\partial_iU$. With fixed spatial orientation and generator conventions, equation 5.5.3 is

$$
Q_{\rm top}=\frac1{24\pi^2}\int\epsilon_{ijk}\operatorname{Tr}(L_iL_jL_k)\,d^3r\in\mathbb Z.
$$

$Q_{\rm top}$ is the degree of a field map. It is not the winding count of a drawn curve and does not automatically equal electric charge, baryon number or total twist angle. The electron $2\pi$ and proton $6\pi$ pictures still require corresponding field maps and far field fluxes for a particle identification; see [topological matter](/en/theory/matter/topological-matter).

The integer classification is preserved for smooth fields, maintained target-space constraints and no boundary topological flux. When ordered amplitude reaches zero during a transition, normalized orientation can temporarily cease to be defined, allowing formation, annihilation or reconnection. This changes the applicability of the low energy topological classification; the full process must still obey exact conservation of energy and charge. Persistence of a formed defect requires an actual solution and perturbation check in [stability](/en/theory/matter/stability).

## Nucleation thresholds and stretching feedback

The positive quartic mean-field potential describes continuous ordering. A first order transition with interface tension and a critical bubble requires a different potential or additional conditions; the two cases must not be conflated. If a first order transition and thin-wall approximation hold, a spherical nucleation domain of radius $R$ has the free energy in equation 5.5.4:

$$
\Delta F(R)=4\pi\Sigma_dR^2-\frac{4\pi}3\Delta f\,R^3+E_{\rm top}(R).
$$

$\Sigma_d$ is interface energy per area, $\Delta f>0$ the free-energy density difference between phases, and $E_{\rm top}$ the topology-related energy of the configuration. The interface term penalizes a small domain, while the volume term represents the gain from the lower free-energy phase. Neglecting the correction to the critical point from $E_{\rm top}$, $d\Delta F/dR=0$ yields equation 5.5.5:

$$
R_c=\frac{2\Sigma_d}{\Delta f},\qquad
\Delta F_c=\frac{16\pi\Sigma_d^3}{3\Delta f^2}.
$$

This is a threshold for the prescribed first order nucleation model. $R_c$ is not a calculated stable matter radius. The actual core requires its $E_{\rm top}(R)$, boundary deformation and stable energy; the threshold alone supplies neither formation probability nor rate.

Longitudinal stretching and ordering can also feed back on one another. Let $\varphi$ be the dimensionless stretching potential and choose the potential-energy coupling $-\lambda\varphi|\Theta|^2/2$, equivalently $+\lambda\varphi|\Theta|^2/2$ in the Lagrangian density. Variation of this same coupling with respect to the two variables gives equation 5.5.6:

$$
\begin{aligned}
a_{\rm eff}&=\alpha(T-T_c)-\lambda\varphi,\\
Z_\varphi(\partial_t^2-c^2\nabla^2)\varphi+W_\varphi'(\varphi)&=\frac\lambda2|\Theta|^2.
\end{aligned}
$$

$Z_\varphi$ normalizes the longitudinal field, $W_\varphi$ is its self-potential and $\lambda$ is the common coupling coefficient. For $\lambda>0$, stretching lowers the ordering threshold and ordered amplitude drives stretching. Saturation depends on the self-potential, higher stabilizing terms and available energy. The coefficients and factor $1/2$ follow from common variation; independently tuning two feedback strengths does not automatically preserve energy conservation.

The nucleation radius and the stationary particle scale answer different questions. In the thin-wall model with $E_{\rm top}$ neglected, $\Delta F''(R_c)=-8\pi\Sigma_d<0$: $R_c$ is a free-energy barrier. By contrast, the scale-energy model of (5.6.24)–(5.6.25) has a positive-radius minimum balanced by quadratic gradients, quartic gradients and the vacuum-subtracted potential. The [stability topic](/en/theory/matter/stability) develops that analytic stationary radius; neither radius alone fixes a cosmological production rate or particle abundance.

## Allowed final states and actual abundance

For a candidate process forming a proton and electron together, the manuscript first requires far field charge neutrality and energy balance. With separated particles at rest as the final-state reference, equation 5.5.7 is

$$
Q_{\rm em}^{(p)}+Q_{\rm em}^{(e)}=0,\qquad
E_{\rm initial}=(m_p+m_e)c^2+E_{\rm kin}+E_{\rm field}+E_{\rm rad}.
$$

$m_p,m_e$ are the masses used in this comparison, and the final three terms are kinetic, field and radiation energies. All are counted against a common vacuum and interaction reference. A bound-atom final state also requires negative binding energy. This accounting specifies conditions on a candidate final state; it does not supply a concrete reaction channel or production rate, nor independently predict particle masses.

Production rates require dynamics, phase space and initial conditions; annihilation rates require the corresponding reverse processes. Abundance then depends on the whole reaction network and background transport. If initial statistics and dynamics are symmetric between structures and antistructures, nucleation alone does not select a more abundant handedness. Matter dominance requires an initial bias, symmetry breaking or nonequilibrium selection and a calculation of the remnant. Topological flow exchanged between a local subsystem and its background also requires the compensating contribution.

Thus a stable local core, conservation-allowed reactions, statistical abundance and macroscopic structure are connected but distinct objects. A large-scale calculation additionally needs background dynamics, source distributions, perturbation pressure and gravitational response, with energy accounting consistent with [radiation transport](/en/theory/cosmology/cmb) and [dark component candidates](/en/theory/cosmology/dark-matter). These ordering and nucleation relations do not provide a galaxy distribution, expansion history or joint observational fit.

## Sources and further review

The theoretical source is Chapter 5 of the final collected manuscript (ASD-BOOK-ddbade997b45), Part V, subsections 1–2, equations 5.5.1–5.5.7. Local structure, stability and conservation connect to the [matter module](/en/theory/matter) and the [space dynamics master-equation topic](/en/theory/space-dynamics/master-equation). This page explains existing candidate models and conditional calculations, retaining HYPOTHESIS and UNTESTED status. Topological classification, nucleation thresholds and energy accounting are not promoted to calculated particle solutions.

[Open problems](/en/open-problems) and [matter phenomenological requirements](/en/tests/matter) record properties the model must calculate. The [manuscript guide](/en/research/monograph) explains the public scope. No reaction rates, observational data or unapproved radiation channels are added here.